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STUDII DE ISTORIE A FILOSOFIEI UNIVERSALE, vol. XXXIII, 2025
STUDII DE ISTORIE A FILOSOFIEI UNIVERSALE  | |||||||||
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 STUDII DE ISTORIE A FILOSOFIEI UNIVERSALE, vol. XXXIII, 2025SINE, RAŢIUNE, ABSOLUT ÎN TRADIŢIA FILOSOFICĂ EUROPEANĂ Coordonatori: CLAUDIU BACIU, TINCA PRUNEA-BRETONNET, ION TĂNĂSESCU Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025 Editor invitat: ADRIAN NIŢĂ
 COPERTA CUPRINS / CONTENTS | |||||||||
| HERMENEUTICA SINUCIDERII: O ISTORIE A IDEILOR FILOSOFICE PRIVIND SINUCIDEREA ÎN ANTICHITATE ADRIAN CIOCIOMAN Abstract. In this study, I examine the problem of suicide and the ways in which it is articulated as a freely chosen death within ancient philosophy. Beginning with contemporary debates on the topic, I turn to Plato’s account, in which life is not at our disposal and suicide is regarded as an immoral act that offends the gods. I then reconsider the hedonistic perspective, according to which Epicurus allows suicide when the self is deprived of pleasure and overwhelmed by pain. Epictetus’s Stoic ethics is treated here as a radical moral stance, wherein suicide appears as a necessity in the absence of a good life. Finally, I analyze Seneca’s hermeneutical construction of the concept of suicide, understood as a “noble” or “beautiful” death. Keywords: suicide, death, reduction, radicalization, self, metaphysical positioning. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 9-27] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| CONTINUUMUL DISCONTINUU AL DEVENIRII: DE LA MAGIE LA METODĂ, O TREAPTĂ CĂTRE MODERNITATE LAURA MIHAELA MANCĂ-PĂTRAŞCU1 Universitatea „Ștefan cel Mare”, Suceava Abstract This paper examines the conditions that enabled the emergence of Modernity and its distinctive mode of thought. It offers a nuanced perspective by tracing the interconnections between ethical, spiritual, cognitive, and institutional transformations, understanding Modernity neither as a radical break nor as a simple continuity, but as a discontinuous continuum of becoming. An important aspect to this process is the cultivation of inner discipline by the Devotio Moderna movement, which fostered a methodical approach to knowledge and the responsible development of self. The study also considers the role of early collaborative networks “brotherhoods”, “associations”, and the first “academies” devoted to the secrets of nature in shaping nascent forms of institutional research. Spiritual, hermeneutic, and institutional dimensions are explored, with examples drawn from Devotio Moderna and natural-philosophy academies (Academia Segreti, Academia dei Segreti, Academia dei Lincei), their observational methods, and the gradual transition from magic, through method, to scientia. Modernity is interpreted as a stratified process of becoming, structured by syncopations and overlapping temporalities that enable the emergence of a new rationality. Keywords: Books of Secrets tradition, natural magic, early modernity, devotio moderna, the discontinuous continuum, institutionalization of knowledge. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 29-51] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| POSIBILITATE ŞI CONTINUITATE LA LEIBNIZ ADRIAN NIŢĂ Institutul de Filosofie și Psihologie ,,Constantin Rădulescu-Motru” al Academiei Române Universitatea ,,Ștefan cel Mare”, Suceava Abstract. The labyrinth of the composition of the continuum constitutes a genuine thread of Ariadne through the labyrinth of Leibnizian thought: just like the thread of Ariadne, the solution to the labyrinth has two ends: one lies in the principle of continuity, the other in the theory of possibility; departing from the problematic theory of continuity, one can reach the bright zone of possibility. The two main ideas resulting from solving the paradox of composition are based on the part-whole relationship, respectively the confusion of what is actual with what is possible. The first idea will lead to the affirmation of plenitude and to a new type of relationship between part and whole, and the second to a new conception of possibility, radically different from alternative theories and, above all, to a surprising modernity. Keywords: possible, continuity, early modern philosophy, Leibniz, metaphysics, philosophy of science, epistemology, dynamics. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 53-66] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| CONCEPTUL DE CONATUS CA PRINCIPIU AL CONSERVĂRII ENERGIEI ÎN FILOSOFIA LUI LEIBNIZ ŞI CEA A LUI SPINOZA MARIUS DUMITRESCU Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași Abstract. In this paper, we aim to capture the common elements, but also those that differentiate the conceptions of Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646–1716) related to the concept of conatus and the way in which, starting from this concept, the relationship between man and God can be understood. The term conatus, although it has medieval origins that are recalled from the scholastic tradition, reaches its full meanings only in the modern era, especially in the work of Spinoza and Leibniz, where it takes on anthropological and metaphysical openings. We will demonstrate that, for both Spinoza and Leibniz, this concept had an important role in overcoming the methodological impasse marked by Cartesian dualism, which led to an essential blockage regarding the possibility of communicating substances. The idea of conatus will largely solve this problem. However, notable differences can be found between the visions of these two post-Cartesian thinkers. Given these starting points, we will try to capture the way in which the essence of the idea of man is seen both in Spinoza’s philosophy and in Leibniz’s thought, seeking to identify their common elements, but especially those that distinguish them, especially when it comes to the relationship of the human being to the Creator of the world. Keywords: conatus, aspiration, dualism, substance, Monas Monadorum, pre-established harmony. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 67-78] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| RAŢIUNE ŞI CREDINŢĂ ÎN VIZIUNEA LUI LEIBNIZ ADRIANA NEACŞU Universitatea din Craiova Abstract. Engaging in the dispute regarding the possibility of using philosophy in theology, Leibniz pleads for the appeal to philosophy, and therefore, to reason, although within certain limits. Understanding by reason the “inviolable chaining of truths”, he admits the concordance of principle between reason and faith, combating the thesis of the Averroist origin of the double truth. On the other hand, Leibniz distinguishes between metaphysical necessity – which is strictly logical, which no truth of faith can contradict – and physical necessity, based strictly on our experience, which can be overcome by the mysteries of faith. Therefore, from his perspective, there are truths of faith that we cannot understand, and faith goes beyond the intellect, encompassing both the heart and the will of man. Keywords: reason, faith, philosophy, theology, metaphysical necessity, physical necessity, universal truths, truths of faith. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 79-92] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| „ARGUMENTUL CE I-A NEDUMERIT NESPUS PE CARTEZIENI” ŞI ONTOLOGIA SPAŢIULUI ŞI TIMPULUI A LUI SAMUEL CLARKE GRIGORE VIDA Academia Română, Secția de Filosofie, teologie, psihologie și pedagogie Abstract. I am interested in the role played in Clarke’s philosophical evolution by an argument which concerns the impossibility to remove space and time from our thought. Clarke thinks that this argument caused “great perplexity” to the Cartesians, and he uses it to argue that the Cartesian position leads to atheism. As I will try to show, the argument which Clarke sought to turn against the Cartesians will ultimately turn against himself when he will shift to the view in which space and time are not God’s properties or attributes anymore, but “modes” of God’s existence. By tracing the genealogy of some of Clarke’s arguments, I offer a fresh perspective on classical topics like Clarke’s debt to Newton, as well as a more nuanced understanding of Clarke’s relation to Descartes and Cartesianism. Keywords: Samuel Clarke, Pierre-Sylvain Régis, Isaac Newton, space, time, ontological argument. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 93-110] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| PROIECTUL AUTENTICITĂŢII LA ROUSSEAU: ÎNTRE PLENITUDINEA EXISTENŢEI ŞI VIAŢA GOLITĂ DE SENS VICTORIA CHIRICA Universitatea din București Abstract. This article examines the emergence of the modern concept of authenticity within the ambivalent legacy of the Enlightenment, highlighting that the very project of rationalization, while emancipatory, simultaneously generated conditions for a profound crisis of meaning in modernity. Within this context, Jean-Jacques Rousseau emerges not as a counter-Enlightenment figure, but as an internal critic who first articulated the modern ideal of authenticity as a remedy for the impending crisis. The central thesis is that Rousseau both established the discursive framework of authenticity – conceptualized through the tension between being (être) and appearing (paraître) – and diagnosed its principal pathology in amour-propre, the socially mediated and comparative form of self-love that displaces self-worth onto the judgment of others. This displacement subjects existence to a regime of theatricality, wherein intrinsic being is subordinated to the external gaze, thereby producing a condition of alienation that anticipates later analyses of nihilism. As a corrective, Rousseau proposes a turn inward toward an irreducible inner certainty and self-worth – le sentiment de l’existence – accessed through conscience. By analyzing key texts, particularly the Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar, this article demonstrates how Rousseau enacts a methodical suspension of inherited prejudice, grounding authenticity in a pre-rational, existential foundation. Ultimately, the article contends that Rousseau’s concept of authenticity should be understood not as the recovery of a pre-existing essence, but as an ongoing existential praxis aimed at recentering the self, thereby prefiguring key themes in Kantian autonomy, Nietzschean thought, and 20th-century existentialism. Keywords: Rousseau, authenticity, inauthenticity, amour-propre, amour de soi, nihilism, Enlightenment, modernity, conscience, sentiment de l’existence, être, paraître. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 111-129] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| DE CE ESTE DUBLĂ METAFIZICA NATURII A LUI KANT? RODICA CROITORU Institutul de Filosofie și Psihologie „Constantin Rădulescu-Motru” al Academiei Române Abstract. The concept of existence is appropriated to human receptivity and is divided in a corporeal nature, according to our outer senses, and a thinking nature, according to our inner sense. For the corporeal nature, the corresponding part of existence is matter, because it is only by movement that matter becomes the object of outer senses. For the thinking nature, the corresponding part of existence is the thinking I, whose matter is a specific one. For this reason, Kant preferred to give priority to the corporeal nature and its metaphysics, leaving the thinking I only as a metaphysical appendix: as it is not a concept, but only an inner perception, no doctrine of it is possible. Keywords: Kant’s metaphysics of nature, matter, substance, force, space, the thinking I. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 131-140] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| STUDIILE PLATONICIENE ALE TÂNĂRULUI SCHELLING DE LA MANIA LA INTUIŢIA INTELECTUALĂ DRAGOŞ GRUSEA Universitatea Națională de Arte din București Abstract. This study aims to provide a concise overview of the interpretations Schelling gave to the platonic dialogues during his student years in Tübingen. Following an exposition of the two phases of these platonic studies – the first concerning mania, enthusiasm, and exaltation, and the second addressing the cosmology of the Timaeus – the article focuses on the former, advancing the thesis that the young Schelling was preoccupied with the problem of the daimonic due to the influence of Jacobi’s Letters on the Doctrine of Spinoza and the sections on genius in Kant’s Critique of Judgment. Finally, the notion of intellectual intuition in the System of Transcendental Idealism is analyzed to highlight the continuity between Schelling’s early interpretations of Plato’s dialogues and the concept of an intuition that enables knowledge while remaining inaccessible to it. Keywords: knowledge, intuition, ecstasy, Platonism, German idealism. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 141-150] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| TRAGEDIA GREACĂ ŞI PROBLEMA IN-DIFERENŢEI ÎN FILOSOFIA ARTEI A LUI SCHELLING ELENA RUSEI Universitatea din București Abstract. The present paper analyzes Friedrich Schelling’s conception of art, as formulated within the framework of his lectures on the Philosophy of Art (1802–1805). Starting from the principles of the “philosophy of identity,” Schelling proposes a method through which the entire diversity of existence is deduced from the unity of the Absolute. In this context, art and philosophy fulfil a common function – the representation of the absolute – but in distinct forms: art expresses it in a real mode, while philosophy does so in an ideal mode. The study focuses on the analysis of the sublime in Greek tragedy, understood as the voluntary acceptance of inevitable guilt through which freedom elevates itself to the same position as necessity. The interpretation of the tragedy Oedipus Rex illustrates the manner in which the tragic hero, confronted with destiny, transcends suffering through the free assumption of guilt, becoming a symbol of the sublime and of the unity between freedom and necessity. In the final part of the paper, I will attempt to show that in tragedy, freedom is in fact necessity or anankē, the ultimate foundation of the world. Keywords: art, absolute, freedom, necessity, tragedy, sublime, Oedipus, anankē. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 151-158] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| CONCEPTUL DE EXPERIENŢĂ ÎN FENOMENOLOGIA SPIRITULUI DE G.W.F. HEGEL VLAD BILEVSKY Institutul de Filosofie și Psihologie „Constantin Rădulescu-Motru” al Academiei Române Abstract. This paper investigates Hegel’s conception of experience (Erfahrung) in The Phenomenology of Spirit, with particular emphasis on the Introduction rather than the Preface – the latter functioning as an introduction to Hegel’s philosophical system as a whole, rather than to the Phenomenology itself. Following a concise account of Hegel’s intellectual development up to 1807, the year of the Phenomenology’s publication, the paper considers the specific role this work occupies within Hegel’s system and the precise manner in which it differs from the later Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. It is argued that while the Encyclopaedia was designed to articulate the structure of systematic philosophy as Hegel ultimately conceived it, the Phenomenology was conceived as a fundamentally metaphysical work, originally intended to serve as “Part One” of the projected System of Science. The discussion then turns to the distinction between Hegel’s and Kant’s respective notions of experience, highlighting the originality of Hegel’s conception and situating it within the broader philosophical landscape of his time. Keywords: ontology, metaphysics, history of philosophy, German idealism, Hegelian philosophy. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 159-174] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| CE ESTE CUNOAŞTEREA ABSOLUTĂ? VLAD MUREŞAN Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca Abstract. It is the purpose of this article to present a unified interpretation of Hegel’s last chapter in the Phenomenology of Spirit: the Absolute Knowledge. As this belongs to a complete commentary on the Phenomenology, it does not enjoy full hermeneutic autonomy (forcefully depending on the meaning reconstruction of previous chapters). However, the main result has an intelligibility (though not full defensibility) in itself. We could call it: the triple meaning of Hegel’s notion of an absolute knowledge wherein we identified three superposed logical moments: 1. The individual (mystical) level, 2. The universal (eschatological) level and 3. The absolute (theogonical) level. It is our contention that only by synchronising these three semantical levels can we eliminate aequivocal readings of this capital concept1. Keywords: phenomenology, history, revealed religion, absolute knowledge, eschatology, theogony. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 175-192] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| WHITEHEAD, BERKELEY, AND REALISM BOGDAN RUSU Université de Rouen Normandie Abstract This paper examines the shifting interpretations of George Berkeley’s philosophy in early 20th-century British realism, contrasting the Cantabrigian reading of Moore and Russell with the more sympathetic neorealist readings of Alexander, Nunn, Laird, and Dawes Hicks. The Cantabrigians accused Berkeley of conflating act and object, confining perception to private mental entities, and equivocating on “being in the mind.” Neorealists disputed these charges, arguing that Berkeley’s ideas could be construed as public, objective constituents of reality, aligning him with direct realism. Whitehead initially adopted the Cantabrigian stereotype, portraying Berkeley as a subjective idealist. Over time, influenced by neorealist and critical realist reinterpretations, Whitehead reassessed Berkeley as rejecting both the sensationalist and subjectivist principles that underpinned representative realism. In his later works, especially Science and the Modern World and Process and Reality, Whitehead treated Berkeley as a philosophical ally against “simple location” and misplaced concreteness. Berkeley’s immaterialism was thus reframed as epistemologically realist, though his metaphysics illustrated a sort of “extreme idealism”. The paper shows how Whitehead’s mature philosophy positioned Berkeley outside the main targets of his epistemological critique. This reinterpretation challenges the standard Cambridge reading and integrates Berkeley into the lineage of pre-Kantian, non-Cartesian realist thought. Keywords: Berkeley, Whitehead, neorealism, Cantabrigian realism, critical realism. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 193-209] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| DECREAŢIA ŞI FORŢA – METAFIZICA SIMONEI WEIL ALEXANDRU MEDEŞAN Universitatea din București Abstract. This paper examines Simone Weil’s metaphysical concept of decreation, exploring its roots in Platonic and Christian thought and its implications for the relationship between God, creation, and the self. By analyzing Weil’s understanding of divine withdrawal, self-emptying, and attention, the study highlights how decreation redefines the human vocation as a movement of radical openness and consent to transcendence. The argument situates Weil’s metaphysics within broader philosophical and theological debates, showing how her vision challenges traditional notions of being, grace, and freedom. Keywords: Simone Weil, decreation, God, self, force, freedom, attention. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 211-227] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| DESPRE SUFERINŢĂ ŞI FORME ALE NONSENSULUI EI LA CIORAN POMPILIU ALEXANDRU Universitatea Valahia din Târgoviște Abstract. This article explores the philosophical problem of suffering and its apparent nonsense in the work of Emil Cioran. Starting from the limits of scientific and psychological explanations of pain, the study proposes an ontological and musical reading of suffering, following Cioran’s own method of reflection. The analysis distinguishes between pain and suffering, examines the epistemic and existential roles of suffering, and identifies several levels of its nonsense, from the transcendent to the theological. The article also discusses the cultural rhythms of suffering, contrasting Buddhist and Christian approaches, and highlights the paradoxical affirmation of life through suffering. The study concludes that, for Cioran, suffering is both a principle of existence and a vehicle for knowledge, irreducible to rational explanation and deeply rooted in the temporal and metaphysical condition of the human being. Keywords: Cioran, suffering, nonsense, ontology, phenomenology, philosophy of music, existentialism. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 229-241] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| „CA ŞI CUM” NU AM MURI. SCHEMA COGNITIV-AFECTIVĂ A SPERANŢEI HORIA VINCENŢIU PĂTRAŞCU Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica din București Abstract In this text, I aim to analyze the cognitive and affective foundations of hope. The temporal dimension specific to hope is the future, yet death is inevitably linked to the future as its ultimate limit. How, then, is it possible for hope to coexist with the future? One obvious solution is to deny death – through the religious imagination of an afterlife, a situation in which hope necessarily relies on faith. Much more common, however, is the ignoring of death, the activation of an “as if” type of coping mechanism: we live our lives as if we did not know that death is inevitable. Another attitude, increasingly prevalent today as awareness of the “objective tragedy” of entropy grows – a view scientifically confirmed by the scholars of our world – is to look at the world as if we were already dead, to see it with a “dead eye,” in a state of self-induced posthumousness. Keywords: hope, cognitive mechanism, death, existence. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 243-255] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| EMOŢII ŞI SENTIMENTE LA ROBERT C. SOLOMON IONUŢ RĂDUICĂ Universitatea din Craiova Abstract. In this study we analyze Robert C. Solomon’s conception of emotions and feelings. According to the theory under investigation, everything we think and do is necessarily grounded in the entire domain of our affects (passions), a domain that includes emotions, feelings, moods, desires, and so on. We will focus on emotions and feelings, the most important affects, and the main question concerns the role of the intellect in their formation and manifestation. In order to answer this question, we must first trace the stages of Solomon’s hypothesis: the critique of historical theories (Romanticism, modern existentialism, contemporary determinism, etc.); the relationship between the “parts” of affects (emotion–feeling–emotional state; emotions–intellect–consciousness, etc.). Finally, we will reach an understanding of the functioning of the psyche on the basis of the unity between emotions and feelings, on the one hand, and reason, on the other, while also examining the implications of this unity. Keywords: emotions, feelings, reason, will. [Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025, pp. 257-270] Descarcă pdf | |||||||||
| Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, vol. XXXIII, Editura Academiei Române, Bucureşti, 2025 | |||||||||
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